William Marshall Agricultural Revolution

William Marshall and the Agricultural Revolution: A Pioneer of Modern Farming

Introduction:

Forget the romanticized image of a lone farmer toiling the land. The Agricultural Revolution wasn't a singular event, but a complex process driven by innovation and driven by individuals like William Marshall. This in-depth exploration dives into the significant contributions of William Marshall to the 18th-century agricultural transformation. We'll examine his groundbreaking writings, practical farming methods, and lasting impact on modern agricultural practices. Prepare to uncover the story of a man who fundamentally reshaped how we produce food. This post will delve into his life, his work, its influence on the agricultural revolution, and its enduring legacy.

William Marshall's Life and Early Influences:

William Marshall (1745-1818) wasn't born into a landed gentry family. This lack of inherited wealth and privilege is arguably what fueled his relentless pursuit of agricultural knowledge and efficiency. His early experiences, likely involving hands-on farming, instilled in him a deep understanding of the practical challenges faced by farmers. Unlike many agricultural writers of his time, who were primarily theorists, Marshall was intimately familiar with the day-to-day realities of cultivation and livestock management. His early exposure fostered an empirical approach that would define his career and significantly influence subsequent generations of farmers.

Marshall's Writings: Disseminating Agricultural Knowledge:

Marshall's influence wasn't solely through direct farming practices but largely due to his prolific writing. His publications, meticulously detailed and practically oriented, served as indispensable guides for improving agricultural techniques. His most significant contribution is arguably his multi-volume work, "The Rural Economy of Norfolk," published in 1787. This wasn't just a dry treatise; it offered a comprehensive overview of Norfolk's farming practices, highlighting the region's successful application of crop rotation, improved livestock management, and the implementation of new technologies. It presented real-world examples and actionable advice, making it highly valuable to farmers across Britain and beyond. He didn't just describe; he analyzed, compared, and proposed improvements, making his work truly groundbreaking. His subsequent books, like "The Review of the Reports to the Board of Agriculture," further consolidated his reputation as a leading agricultural expert. Through his writing, Marshall effectively acted as a bridge, connecting the best practices of various regions and disseminating them widely.

Key Innovations Attributed to Marshall's Influence:

While Marshall didn't invent any single revolutionary technology, his contribution lay in advocating for and systematizing already existing improvements. He was a champion of several crucial innovations which collectively transformed agricultural practices:

Improved Crop Rotation: Marshall championed four-field crop rotations, a crucial advancement over older, less efficient systems. This involved rotating crops like wheat, turnips, barley, and clover, which helped maintain soil fertility, prevent soil depletion, and increase yields significantly. He understood the importance of including nitrogen-fixing crops like clover in the rotation, crucial for replenishing the soil's nutrients.

Turnip Cultivation: The widespread adoption of turnips as a fodder crop played a crucial role in the Agricultural Revolution. Marshall actively promoted the benefits of turnips, highlighting their role in improving livestock feed and enriching the soil. Their inclusion in crop rotations proved pivotal, making it possible to support a larger livestock population and enhance overall farm productivity.

Improved Livestock Management: Marshall’s emphasis extended beyond crop cultivation to encompass livestock management. He advocated for selective breeding and improved animal husbandry practices, promoting the development of higher-yielding breeds and healthier animals. His observations and recommendations on efficient animal management significantly impacted the overall profitability and sustainability of agricultural enterprises.

Land Drainage and Soil Improvement: Marshall recognized the critical role of well-drained land and improved soil conditions for increased productivity. He advocated for effective drainage systems to enhance crop yields, and emphasized the importance of understanding soil types and adapting farming practices accordingly. He wasn't simply advocating theoretical improvements; he was showcasing practical solutions.

Marshall's Legacy and Long-Term Impact:

William Marshall’s influence extends far beyond the 18th century. His writings served as foundational texts for generations of agriculturalists, shaping farming practices and fostering the ongoing development of more efficient and sustainable agricultural methods. His focus on observation, analysis, and practical application established a standard for agricultural research and dissemination. He demonstrated the power of sharing knowledge and the crucial role of effective communication in driving widespread agricultural improvements. His emphasis on data-driven decision making and the importance of empirical evidence laid the groundwork for modern agricultural science.

The Enduring Relevance of William Marshall's Work:

In today's world, grappling with challenges like climate change, food security, and sustainable agriculture, Marshall’s contributions remain highly relevant. His emphasis on efficient resource utilization, soil health, and crop rotation resonates deeply with modern concerns. The principles he championed – careful observation, systematic experimentation, and knowledge sharing – continue to guide agricultural research and innovation. His work serves as a powerful reminder of the importance of connecting practical experience with scientific understanding in addressing the multifaceted challenges of food production.

Book Outline: The Life and Times of William Marshall: Architect of the Agricultural Revolution

I. Introduction:

A brief overview of the Agricultural Revolution and its context.
Introducing William Marshall and his place in the historical narrative.
Overview of the book's structure and key arguments.

II. Marshall's Early Life and Influences:

His upbringing and early exposure to farming.
Key formative experiences that shaped his agricultural philosophy.
The socio-economic context of his time and its impact.

III. The Making of an Agricultural Writer:

Analysis of Marshall's major publications and their impact.
A detailed examination of "The Rural Economy of Norfolk."
Comparative study of Marshall's work with contemporary agricultural writings.

IV. Marshall's Key Contributions to Agricultural Practices:

Detailed analysis of his advocacy for improved crop rotation.
His influence on livestock management and breeding techniques.
His recommendations for land drainage and soil improvement.
The impact of his work on different regions of Britain.

V. Marshall's Lasting Legacy and Enduring Relevance:

Assessment of his long-term impact on agricultural practices.
The continuing relevance of his ideas in modern agriculture.
The influence of his approach on agricultural research and education.
Concluding thoughts on Marshall's significance.

FAQs:

1. What was William Marshall's main contribution to the Agricultural Revolution? His main contribution was the systematic dissemination of best practices through his detailed and practically oriented writings, advocating for improvements in crop rotation, livestock management, and land improvement.

2. Why is "The Rural Economy of Norfolk" considered so significant? It provided a comprehensive and detailed account of successful farming practices in Norfolk, offering practical guidance and influencing the adoption of improved methods across Britain.

3. Did William Marshall invent any new agricultural technologies? No, he didn't invent new technologies but effectively championed and systematized existing innovations, spreading their adoption through his writing.

4. What role did crop rotation play in Marshall's work? He strongly advocated for improved crop rotation, particularly the four-field system, recognizing its vital role in maintaining soil fertility and increasing yields.

5. How did Marshall’s work influence livestock management? He emphasized selective breeding, improved animal husbandry, and efficient feeding practices leading to healthier and more productive livestock.

6. What was the impact of Marshall's writings on the wider agricultural community? His publications served as essential guides for farmers, influencing the adoption of improved farming practices and contributing to increased agricultural productivity.

7. How does William Marshall's work relate to modern agriculture? His emphasis on sustainable practices, soil health, and efficient resource management remains highly relevant in addressing contemporary agricultural challenges.

8. What were some of the limitations or criticisms of Marshall’s work? Some critics argue that his focus on large-scale farming may have overlooked the needs of smaller farmers. Additionally, his work primarily focused on specific regions and might not have been universally applicable.

9. Where can I find more information about William Marshall and his work? You can find information in academic journals, historical archives, and libraries specializing in agricultural history. His books are also available in reprint editions.

1. The Four-Field System and its Impact on the Agricultural Revolution: This article explores the details of the four-field crop rotation system and its transformative impact on farming productivity.

2. Turnips and the Agricultural Revolution: A Case Study in Crop Innovation: This article focuses on the crucial role of turnips in enhancing soil fertility and improving livestock feed.

3. Selective Breeding in 18th-Century Britain: A Look at Livestock Improvement: Explores the advancements in selective breeding and their impact on improving animal quality and productivity during the Agricultural Revolution.

4. Land Drainage Techniques in the 18th Century: Improving Soil Conditions for Farming: This article looks at the various land drainage methods employed during that period and their contribution to agricultural yields.

5. The Role of Enclosure in the Agricultural Revolution: This article investigates the controversial process of enclosure and its effects on land ownership and agricultural practices.

6. Comparing Agricultural Practices Before and After the Agricultural Revolution: This article offers a comparative analysis highlighting the key changes that occurred in farming methods.

7. The Social and Economic Impacts of the Agricultural Revolution in Britain: This article explores the broader social and economic consequences of the Agricultural Revolution.

8. Agricultural Writers of the 18th Century: A Comparative Analysis: This article compares the contributions of various influential agricultural writers of the era.

9. The Scientific Revolution and its Influence on Agricultural Advancements: Explores the interplay between scientific advancements and agricultural progress during the 18th century.

william marshall agricultural revolution: The Agricultural Revolution in Norfolk Naomi Riches, 1967 First Published in 1967. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
william marshall agricultural revolution: The Rural World 1780-1850 Pamela Horn, 2017-07-06 In this book, first published in 1980, the author draws a vivid picture of what country life was like for the vast majority of English villagers – agricultural labourers, craftsmen and small farmers – during a period of rapid agricultural development. This study analyses the influence of the enclosure movement on farming methods and on the structure of village life, and examines the devastating effects of the Napoleonic wars on English society. The Rural World is based on a wide range of sources, including parliamentary papers, contemporary letters, diaries and account books, and official records such as those relating to the Poor Law and the courts. It provides a fascinating overview of all aspects of rural life – from employment to home conditions, education, charity, crime, the role of religion and the influence of politics – during a critical period in English history.
william marshall agricultural revolution: The Agricultural Revolution Eric Kerridge, 2013-11-05 First Published in 2005. This book argues that the agricultural revolution took place in England in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and not in the eighteenth and nineteenth.
william marshall agricultural revolution: Experiments and Observations Concerning Agriculture and the Weather Mr. Marshall (William), 1779
william marshall agricultural revolution: Agricultural Revolution in England Mark Overton, 1996-04-18 This book is the first available survey of English agriculture between 1500 and 1850. It combines new evidence with recent findings from the specialist literature, to argue that the agricultural revolution took place in the century after 1750. Taking a broad view of agrarian change, the author begins with a description of sixteenth-century farming and an analysis of its regional structure. He then argues that the agricultural revolution consisted of two related transformations. The first was a transformation in output and productivity brought about by a complex set of changes in farming practice. The second was a transformation of the agrarian economy and society, including a series of related developments in marketing, landholding, field systems, property rights, enclosure and social relations. Written specifically for students, this book will be invaluable to anyone studying English economic and social history, or the history of agriculture.
william marshall agricultural revolution: Experiments and Observations Concerning Agriculture and the Weather Mr William, 1779
william marshall agricultural revolution: Routledge Library Editions: Rural History Various, 2021-07-14 The volumes in this set, originally published between 1969 and 1990, draw together research by leading academics in the area of the rural history and provide an examination of related key issues. The volumes examine social change in rural communities approaching the industrial revolution, whilst also providing an overview of the history of rural populations in England, France, Germany, Mexico and the United States. This set will be of particular interest to students of history, business and economics.
william marshall agricultural revolution: The Medieval Antecedents of English Agricultural Progress Bruce M.S. Campbell, 2023-05-31 Until recently, historians tended to stress the perceived technological and ecological shortcomings of medieval agriculture. The ten essays assembled in this volume offer a contrary view. Based upon close documentary analysis of the demesne farms managed for and by lords, they show that, by 1300, in the most commercialized parts of England, production decisions were based upon relative factor costs and commodity prices. Moreover, when and where economic conditions were ripe and environmental and institutional circumstances favourable, medieval cultivators successfully secured high and ecologically sustainable levels of land productivity. They achieved this by integrating crop and livestock production into the sort of manure-intensive systems of mixed-husbandry which later underpinned the more celebrated output growth of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. If medieval agriculture failed to fulfill the production potential provided by wider adoption of such systems, this is more appropriately explained by the want of the kind of market incentives that might have justified investment, innovation, and specialization on the scale that characterized the so-called 'agricultural revolution', than either the lack of appropriate agricultural technology or the innate 'backwardness' of medieval cultivators.
william marshall agricultural revolution: A Review (and Complete Abstract) of the Reports to the Board of Agriculture from the Midland Department of England William Marshall (Agricultural Writer.), 1815
william marshall agricultural revolution: The English Dairy Farmer G. E. Fussell, 2019-12-09 Originally published in 1966, this work by G. E. Fussell is a thorough examination of the role played by the English dairy farmer over the past four hundred years. Beginning his study with the cow he gives an account of the improved breeding and feeding methods that make today's cow a totally different beast to that of the Tudor farmer. A chapter is devoted to the cultivation of fodder crops and another to the comfort of the cow for, as the author states, pleasant conditions are an important factor in encouraging its productivity. The dairy industry, no less than any other in the nineteenth century, was the scene of numerous devices and inventions designed to improve milking methods. This, together with the development of the sale of milk in a liquid form, is discussed in later chapters. The practical difficulties of transporting milk had until about 1850 caused the major part of the milk produced to be turned into butter and cheese and the varying products of differing regions are fully described. Towards the end of the nineteenth century, however, the number of dairies prepared to retail milk grew in number to accommodate an ever increasing rate of milk consumption. Numerous farming textbooks published during the period and contemporary descriptions of the farming scene form the background for this scholarly appraisal. No other book has treated the English dairy farmer in such detail and, in drawing upon such a wealth of illustrative material to support his conclusions, G. E. Fussell has produced a work which will be valued by all agricultural historians.
william marshall agricultural revolution: The Rough Guide to Yorkshire Jos Simon, 2015-04-01 The Rough Guide to Yorkshire was the first comprehensive guidebook to England's largest county. Detailed coverage of the ruggedly beautiful Dales and Moors, the magnificent North Sea coast and historic York rubs shoulders with penetrating insights into the multi-cultural cities of Leeds and Sheffield, the resurgent port of Hull, and the many industrial conurbations, market towns and rural villages in between. Take your pick of great stately homes to visit, of cathedrals and churches and monastic ruins, of steam railways and seaside resorts, of world-class historical and industrial museums, of hotels and places where you can consume good Yorkshire food and ale. Full-colour sections cover Yorkshire's varied landscape and world-famous writers and artists. Whether you're on holiday, on business, visiting family and friends or just passing through - even if you've lived in Yorkshire all your life - The Rough Guide to Yorkshire will ensure that you don't miss a thing. Make the most of your time on EarthTM with The Rough Guide to Yorkshire.
william marshall agricultural revolution: Evidence in Action between Science and Society Sarah Ehlers, Stefan Esselborn, 2022-07-15 This volume is an interdisciplinary attempt to insert a broader, historically informed perspective into current political and academic debates on the issue of evidence and the reliability of scientific knowledge. The tensions between competing paradigms, different bodies of knowledge and the relative hierarchies between them are a crucial element of the historical and contemporary dynamics of scientific knowledge production. The negotiation of evidence is at the heart of this process. Starting from the premise that evidence constitutes a central, but also essentially contested concept in contemporary knowledge-based societies, this volume focuses on how evidence is generated and applied in practice—in other words, on “evidence in action.” The contributions analyze and compare different evidence practices within the field of science and technology, how they interlink with different forms of power, their interaction with and impact on the legal and political domain, and their relationship to other, more heterodox forms of evidence that challenge traditional notions of evidence. In doing so, this volume provides much-needed context and historical background to contemporary debates on the so-called “post-truth” society. Evidence in Action is the perfect resource for all those interested in the relationship between science, technology, and the role of knowledge in society. Chapter 6 of this book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF at http://www.taylorfrancis.com under a Creative Commons [Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND)] 4.0 license.
william marshall agricultural revolution: Nature and Society in Historical Context Mikulas Teich, Roy Porter, Bo Gustafsson, 1997-02-13 A collection of essays describing the historical connection between nature and society.
william marshall agricultural revolution: Women in Agriculture Linda M. Ambrose, Joan M. Jensen, 2017-03 Taking readers into the rural hinterlands of the rapidly urbanizing societies of the United States, Canada, Great Britain, and the Netherlands, the essays in Women in Agriculture tell the stories of a cadre of professional women who worked as agricultural researchers, producers, marketers, educators, and community organizers, and acted to bridge the growing rift between those who grew food and those who only consumed it.
william marshall agricultural revolution: The Enclosure of Knowledge James D. Fisher, 2022-07-21 The rise of agrarian capitalism in Britain is usually told as a story about markets, land, and wages. This study reveals that it was also about books, knowledge and expertise, challenging the dominant narrative of an agricultural 'enlightenment' and showing how farming books appropriated traditional knowledge in pre-industrial Britain.
william marshall agricultural revolution: Agricultural Enlightenment Peter Jones, 2016 Agricultural Enlightenment explores the modernization of the rural economy in Europe through the lens of the Enlightenment. It focuses on the second half of the eighteenth century and emphasizes the role of useful knowledge in the process of agrarian change and agricultural development. As such it invites economic historians to respond to the challenge issued by Joel Mokyr to look beyond quantitative data and to take seriously the argument that cultural factors, broadly understood, may have aided or hindered the evolution of agriculture in the early modern period (what people knew and believed had a direct bearing on their economic behavior Mokyr, The Enlightened Economy]). Evidence in support of the idea that a readily accessible supply of agricultural knowledge helps to explain the trajectory of the rural economy is drawn from all of the countries of Europe. The book includes two cases studies of rapid rural modernization in Scotland and Denmark where Agricultural Enlightenment was swiftly followed by full-scale Agricultural Revolution.
william marshall agricultural revolution: Burning Bush Stephen J. Pyne, 2015-09-14 Pyne traces the impact of fire in Australia, from its influence on vegetation to its use by Aborigines and European settlers.“Mr. Pyne, showing what a historian deeply schooled in environmental science can contribute to our awareness of nature and culture, has produced a provocative work that is a major contribution to the literature of environmental studies.”—New York Times Book Review
william marshall agricultural revolution: Agricultural History , 1970
william marshall agricultural revolution: The Industrial Revolution in the Eighteenth Century Paul Mantoux, 2013-11-05 This classic volume, first published in 1928, is a comprehensive introduction to all aspects of the Industrial Revolution. Arranged in three distinct parts, it covers: * Preparatory Changes * Inventions and Factories * The Immediate Consequences. A valuable reference, it is, as Professor T. S. Ashton says in his preface to this work, 'in both its architecture and detail this volume is by far the best introduction to the subject in any language... one of a few works on economic history that can justly be spoken of as classics'.
william marshall agricultural revolution: Parliamentary Enclosure in England Gordon E Mingay, 2014-06-17 Enclosure transformed the old open fields and common lands of England to create the modern rural landscape. It changed forever the life of many villages, but provided food for a rapidly rising population. Its methods and consequences were controversial - many rural poor lost their access to land - and the subject is still a cause of dispute. Gordon Mingay's authoritative survey guides the reader through the complexities of the topic. He describes the processes by which land was reorganised and analyses the impact of enclosure regionally. Throughout he stresses the extent of local variation which make the subject so complex.
william marshall agricultural revolution: The Selborne Pioneer Ted Dadswell, 2017-03-02 Gilbert White's name is known universally but, as Ted Dadswell insists in this book, important aspects of his work have frequently been overlooked even by scholarly editors. The Selborne naturalist (1720-1793) has been described as 'a prince of personal observers'; but a shrewd analytical questioning and comparing was also typical of his 'natural knowledge'. Exceptional even in his general aims, White studied the behaviour, the 'manners' and 'conversation', of his animals and plants. He saw, moreover, that an animal or plant and indeed a parish such as his own, was unitary in operation; again and again, a cause had numerous effects and an effect numerous causes. Observation could go forward in circumstances such as these, if one was both sharp-eyed and patient, but how could true investigation be managed? How could a particular cause or effect be isolated or tested? Here what Dadswell calls White's 'comparative habit' was put to good use. Gilbert White was a careful keeper of records, and using these comparatively he 'appealed to controls' while examining his living creatures. Questioning and testing even the 'entirely usual', White was brought back repeatedly to the notion of adaptability. His zoological findings often concerned 'changed or changing' animals (or birds) and their social and inter-personal relationships. Today, we can seem particularly well placed to appreciate his methods and factual claims; our 'ethologists' and ecologists have - seemingly - corroborated much of what he did. And yet just this corroboration renders him the more mysterious. To properly assess White as naturalist, we must be able to approach him not only scientifically but also historically. He hoped for the emergence of teams of behavioural workers but did not try to pre-empt what would be achieved only by such teams, and while he 'saw with his own eyes', as his friend John Mulso says, he was substantially affected by certain of his contemporaries and predecessors. His journals and notebooks show us the naturalist at work. When a perhaps unexpected combination of influences is allowed for, his 'unique' activities can be at least partially explained.
william marshall agricultural revolution: Aspects of Capital Investment in Great Britain 1750-1850 S. Pollard, J.P.P Higgins, 2013-11-05 These six papers were originally delivered to a conference at Sheffield University in 1969 and represent an overview of a research project led by Professor Pollard, which aimed to construct a series of annual figures of capital formation for the Industrial Revolution in Britain - both in aggregate and broken down into main sectors. Each paper is accompanied by a summary of the discussion which followed. The problems encountered in such an undertaking are examined, a major one being definition: what to include in the term 'capital', how to measure or isolate expenditure under that heading, and how to deal with changes which have made the definitions and practices of present-day national income estimates inapplicable to earlier centuries. Sources are also examined in depth as statistical information is not only uncertain and often unreliable, but of different value and completeness for different sectors of the economy. This book was first published in 1971.
william marshall agricultural revolution: Making Sense of the Industrial Revolution Steven King, Geoffrey Timmins, 2001-07-06 This comprehensive and innovative book on the Industrial Revolution uses carefully chosen case studies, illustrated with extracts from contemporary documents, to offer new perspectives on the process and impact of industrialization. The authors look at the development of economic structures, the financing of the Industrial Revolution, technological advances, markets and demand, and agricultural progress. The book also deals with changes in demography, the household, families, and the built environment.
william marshall agricultural revolution: Aspects of Capital Investment in Great Britain, 1750-1850 J. P. P. Higgins, Sidney Pollard, 2005-11-03 Six papers originally presented at a conference at Sheffield University in 1969. Features data on capital formation in Britain during the Industrial Revolution, and in-depth discussion of problematic areas associated with the study of this field.
william marshall agricultural revolution: The Oxford Handbook of Agricultural History Jeannie Whayne, 2024-02-08 Agricultural history has enjoyed a rebirth in recent years, in part because the agricultural enterprise promotes economic and cultural connections in an era that has become ever more globally focused, but also because of agriculture's potential to lead to conflicts over precious resources. The Oxford Handbook of Agricultural History reflects this rebirth and examines the wide-reaching implications of agricultural issues, featuring essays that touch on the green revolution, the development of the Atlantic slave plantation, the agricultural impact of the American Civil War, the rise of scientific and corporate agriculture, and modern exploitation of agricultural labor.
william marshall agricultural revolution: The History of Wales John Graham Jones, 2014-11-15 This is an engaging, best-selling volume reproduced with text panels that provide brief biographies of historical figures and descriptions of major historical sites in Wales. As the only concise history of Wales currently available in print, this book is an ideal introductory study for the general reader. From primitive Stone Age cave-dwellers who were the earliest recorded inhabitants of Wales, through settlement by the Celts before the Roman and Norman invasions, this book leads the reader through the age of the native Welsh princes that culminated with the eventual conquest of Wales by Edward I in 1282. Later seminal themes include the passage of the so-called Union legislations of 1536 and 1543, the impact of successive religious changes, the agrarian and industrial revolutions, and the severe interwar depression of the twentieth century. This new edition concludes with a discussion of the far-reaching political, social and economic changes covering the momentous period from the close of the twentieth century to the present day.
william marshall agricultural revolution: The Age of Oligarchy Geoffrey Holmes, D. Szechi, 2014-07-16 The second volume, on early and mid-Georgian Britain, shows how the country used its expanding wealth, its new-found social cohesion at home and its international influence abroad to become not only a European but an imperial power. As with the first volume, every aspect of the period is covered.
william marshall agricultural revolution: The British Soldier in America Sylvia R. Frey, 2012-01-11 In her investigation of the social history of the common British soldier in the era of the American Revolution, Sylvia Frey has extensively surveyed recruiting records, contemporary training manuals, statutes, and memoirs in an attempt to provide insight into the soldier's life and mind. In the process she has discovered more about the common soldier than anyone thought possible: his social origins and occupational background, his size, age, and general physical condition, his personal economics and daily existence. Her findings dispel the traditional assumption that the army was made up largely of criminals and social misfits. Special attention is given to soldiering as an occupation. Focusing on two of the major campaigns of the war—the Northern Campaign which culminated at Saratoga and the Southern Campaign which ended at Yorktown—Frey describes the human face of war, with particular emphasis on the physical and psychic strains of campaigning in the eighteenth century. Perhaps the most important part of the work is the analysis of the moral and material factors which induced men to accept the high risks of soldiering. Frey rejects the traditional assumption that soldiers were motivated to fight exclusively by fear and force and argues instead that the primary motivation to battle was generated by regimental esprit, which in the eighteenth century substituted for patriotism. After analyzing the sources of esprit, she concludes that it was the sustaining force for morale in a long and discouraging war. This book is a contribution to our understanding of the eighteenth century and should appeal not only to military historians but also to social and economic historians and to those interested in the history of medicine.
william marshall agricultural revolution: Experience and Identity John Money, 1977-01-01
william marshall agricultural revolution: Representing Place in British Literature and Culture, 1660-1830 Evan Gottlieb, 2016-04-08 Revising traditional 'rise of the nation-state' narratives, this collection explores the development of and interactions among various forms of local, national, and transnational identities and affiliations during the long eighteenth century. By treating place as historically contingent and socially constructed, this volume examines how Britons experienced and related to a landscape altered by agricultural and industrial modernization, political and religious reform, migration, and the building of nascent overseas empires. In mapping the literary and cultural geographies of the long eighteenth century, the volume poses three challenges to common critical assumptions about the relationships among genre, place, and periodization. First, it questions the novel’s exclusive hold on the imagining of national communities by examining how poetry, drama, travel-writing, and various forms of prose fiction each negotiated the relationships between the local, national, and global in distinct ways. Second, it demonstrates how viewing the literature and culture of the long eighteenth century through a broadly conceived lens of place brings to the foreground authors typically considered 'minor' when seen through more traditional aesthetic, cultural, or theoretical optics. Finally, it contextualizes Romanticism’s long-standing associations with the local and the particular, suggesting that literary localism did not originate in the Romantic era, but instead emerged from previous literary and cultural explorations of space and place. Taken together, the essays work to displace the nation-state as a central category of literary and cultural analysis in eighteenth-century studies.
william marshall agricultural revolution: Horses, Oxen and Technological Innovation John Langdon, 2002-07-04 An account of the introduction of the horse as a replacement for oxen in English farming.
william marshall agricultural revolution: Landscapes in History Philip Pregill, Nancy Volkman, 1999-01-25 The definitive, one-stop reference to the history of landscape architecture-now expanded and revised This revised edition of Landscapes in History features for the first time new information-rarely available elsewhere in the literature-on landscape architecture in India, China, Southeast Asia, and Japan. It also expands the discussion of the modern period, including current North American planning and design practices. This unique, highly regarded book traces the development of landscape architecture and environmental design from prehistory to modern times-in Europe, the Middle East, Asia, and North America. It covers the many cultural, political, technological, and philosophical issues influencing land use throughout history, focusing not only on design topics but also on the environmental impact of human activity. Landscape architects, urban planners, and students of these disciplines will find here: * The most comprehensive, in-depth, and up-to-date overview of the subject * Hundreds of stunning photographs and design illustrations * A scholarly yet accessible treatment, drawing on the latest research in archaeology, geography, and other disciplines * The authors' own firsthand observations and travel experiences * Insight into the evolution of landscape architecture as a discipline * Useful chapter summaries and bibliographies
william marshall agricultural revolution: The Rough Guide to Yorkshire (Travel Guide eBook) Rough Guides, 2019-05-01 MAKE THE MOST OF YOUR TIME ON EARTH Discover Yorkshire with this comprehensive, entertaining, 'tell it like it is' Rough Guide, packed with exhaustive practical information and our experts' honest independent recommendations. Whether you plan to hike through the stunning Yorkshire Dales, sample delicious cake at the famous Bettys tea rooms, discover the fascinating history of York or visit the county's impressive museums, The Rough Guide to Yorkshire will show you the perfect places to explore, sleep, eat, drink and shop along the way. Features of The Rough Guide to Yorkshire: Detailed regional coverage: provides in-depth practical information for every step of every kind of trip, from intrepid off-the-beaten-track adventures, to chilled-out breaks in popular tourist areas. Regions covered include: South Yorkshire, West Yorkshire, Vale of York, Yorkshire Dales, North York Moors and East Riding. Honest independent reviews: written with Rough Guides' trademark blend of humour, honesty and expertise, and recommendations you can truly trust, our writers will help you get the most from your trip to Yorkshire. Meticulous mapping: always full colour, with clear numbered, colour-coded keys. Navigate Scarborough, Sheffield and many more locations without needing to get online. Fabulous full-colour photography: features a richness of inspirational colour photography, including the grand Castle Howard, a majestic stately home displaying 18th-century architecture, and pretty views of River Nidd flowing through the market town of Knaresborough. Things not to miss: Rough Guides' rundown of Leeds, Wensleydale, the North York Moors and Whitby's best sights and top experiences. Itineraries: carefully planned routes will help you organise your trip, and inspire and inform your on-the-road experiences. Basics section: packed with essential pre-departure information including getting there, getting around, accommodation, food and drink, health, the media, festivals, sports and outdoor activities, culture and etiquette, shopping and more. Background information: comprehensive Contexts chapter provides fascinating insights into Yorkshire, with coverage of history, religion, ethnic groups, environment, wildlife and books, plus a handy language section and glossary. You might also be interested in...Rough Guide to The Lake District, Rough Guide to England and Rough Guide to Great Britain. About Rough Guides: Rough Guides have been inspiring travellers for over 35 years, with over 30 million copies sold. Synonymous with practical travel tips, quality writing and a trustworthy 'tell it like it is' ethos, the Rough Guides' list includes more than 260 travel guides to 120+ destinations, gift-books and phrasebooks.
william marshall agricultural revolution: The Agrarian History of England and Wales Joan Thirsk, H. P. R. Finberg, 1967 General editor, v. 1, pt. 1, v. 5, pt. 1-2, v. 8: Joan Thirsk. Includes bibliographies. v. 1, pt. 1. Prehistory. v. 1, pt. II. A.D. 43-1042.-- v. 2. 1042-1350.-- v. 3. 1348-1500, edited by Edward Miller.-- v. 4. 1500-1640, edited by J. Thirsk.-- v. 5. 1640-1750, edited by Joan Thirsk (2 v.) -- v. 7, pt. 1- 2. 1850-1914 -- v. 8. 1914-39, by E.H. Whetham.
william marshall agricultural revolution: The Impact of the English Civil War on the Transformation of Traditional Agriculture John Lindsay Olsh, 1974
william marshall agricultural revolution: Proceedings, American Philosophical Society (vol. 95, no. 6) ,
william marshall agricultural revolution: Engines of Mischief Louise Blakeney Williams, Brendan Palla, Megan Squire, 2024-10-29 Engines of Mischief explores the day-to-day labor, economic, political, and social climate at the dawn of the Industrial Revolution in Manchester, England, between 1817 and 1818. Using new economic theories of the time, parliamentary commissions, and news reports, students will engage with crucial issues of the day, debating factory conditions and child labor; the role of the government in the economy, taxation, workers' unions; and the extension of political rights down the social hierarchy. In the game, by assuming the roles of historical actors from various classes of society, students are faced with choices about how to live and prosper during this period of great technological, economic, and social transformation. Will the working class violently resist new technology in factories, form unions, or join radical political clubs to improve their working conditions and protect their rights? How best will middle-class entrepreneurs run their enterprises; will they provide fair treatment to their workers or simply maximize their profit? How will the aristocrats maintain their power in government and society? Will they support the middle or the working classes?
william marshall agricultural revolution: The Idea of Landscape and the Sense of Place 1730-1840 John Barrell, 1972-03-09 This 1972 text takes John Clare as the focus of different attitudes to landscape as something to have a 'taste' for.
william marshall agricultural revolution: The 17th and 18th Centuries Frank N. Magill, 2013-09-13 Each volume of the Dictionary of World Biography contains 250 entries on the lives of the individuals who shaped their times and left their mark on world history. This is not a who's who. Instead, each entry provides an in-depth essay on the life and career of the individual concerned. Essays commence with a quick reference section that provides basic facts on the individual's life and achievements. The extended biography places the life and works of the individual within an historical context, and the summary at the end of each essay provides a synopsis of the individual's place in history. All entries conclude with a fully annotated bibliography.
william marshall agricultural revolution: English Farming : Past and Present Rowland E. Prothero, 2019-07-05 First published in 1912, this volume presents the sixth edition of Lord Ernle’s study of English farming, updated by Sir A. Daniel Hall in the fifth edition, from the manorial system through the reigns of Elizabeth I, James I and the Stewarts, to large industrialised farms, the Corn Laws and the Great Depression. Lord Ernle’s volume remains the classic handbook on the subject and will be of use to students, teachers and academics of agricultural studies.