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Unlocking the Secrets of Archean Biologics: A Journey into Early Life and Modern Applications
Introduction:
For billions of years, life on Earth existed in a radically different environment than the one we know today. The Archean Eon, spanning from 4 to 2.5 billion years ago, witnessed the emergence of the first life forms, leaving behind a legacy encoded in the very fabric of our planet. Understanding this ancient biology holds profound implications for numerous fields, from medicine and biotechnology to astrobiology and our search for extraterrestrial life. This comprehensive guide delves into the fascinating world of Archean biologics, exploring the challenges faced by early life, the innovative strategies it employed for survival, and the potential applications of this ancient knowledge in modern science. We'll explore the key characteristics of Archean life, the evolutionary breakthroughs that shaped its development, and the cutting-edge research uncovering its secrets. Prepare to embark on a journey through time, uncovering the origins of life and its surprising relevance to our future.
1. The Harsh Realities of the Archean World:
The Archean Earth was a vastly different place. The atmosphere lacked a significant oxygen layer, creating a highly reducing environment. Volcanic activity was rampant, resulting in frequent eruptions and unstable landmasses. UV radiation bombarded the surface, posing a significant threat to nascent life. Despite these extreme conditions, life not only emerged but thrived, developing remarkable adaptations to survive and proliferate. These adaptations, and the understanding of the mechanisms that allowed them, form the core of Archean biologics.
2. The Dawn of Life: Early Metabolic Pathways:
Early Archean life likely relied on anaerobic metabolisms, meaning they didn't require oxygen for energy production. Methanogenesis, the production of methane, and fermentation were likely dominant metabolic pathways. These processes provided the energy necessary for survival in the absence of oxygen. Studying these ancient metabolic pathways offers valuable insights into the basic mechanisms of life and may hold clues to developing sustainable biofuel technologies. The discovery of ancient metabolic pathways also contributes to our understanding of extremophiles, organisms that thrive in extreme environments, and informs our search for life beyond Earth.
3. The Evolution of Photosynthesis: A Turning Point:
The evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis, the process of using sunlight to produce energy and release oxygen as a byproduct, marked a profound turning point in Earth's history. This innovation, likely arising in cyanobacteria, fundamentally altered the planet's atmosphere and paved the way for the evolution of more complex life forms. Understanding the evolutionary steps involved in the development of oxygenic photosynthesis is critical for understanding the history of life on Earth and has implications for developing renewable energy sources. Studying the genetic mechanisms of early photosynthetic organisms could lead to advancements in solar energy technology.
4. The First Cells: Structure and Organization:
Archean cells were likely prokaryotic, lacking the membrane-bound organelles found in eukaryotic cells. However, even these simple cells displayed remarkable complexity. Their evolution involved the development of sophisticated mechanisms for nutrient uptake, waste removal, and DNA replication. Research into the structural and organizational features of Archean cells is essential for understanding the fundamental building blocks of life and refining our understanding of cellular biology. This also sheds light on the processes that led to the evolution of more complex eukaryotic cells.
5. The Fossil Record: Evidence from the Past:
The fossil record of the Archean Eon is limited, but the discoveries that have been made are incredibly significant. Stromatolites, layered structures formed by microbial communities, provide compelling evidence of early life. While analyzing ancient rocks, researchers are employing advanced techniques like isotopic analysis and molecular biomarkers to identify the presence of ancient life and uncover details about its metabolic processes. Each new discovery adds valuable pieces to the puzzle of early life on Earth.
6. Modern Applications of Archean Biologics:
The study of Archean biologics is not just an academic pursuit; it has far-reaching practical applications. Understanding the extremophile adaptations developed during the Archean can lead to the discovery of novel enzymes and proteins with applications in various industries. For instance, enzymes from thermophilic (heat-loving) organisms could be used in industrial processes requiring high temperatures. Similarly, understanding the metabolic pathways of Archean organisms can aid in the development of sustainable biofuels and other biotechnologies.
7. Astrobiological Implications:
The study of Archean life has profound implications for astrobiology, the study of life beyond Earth. By understanding the conditions under which life emerged on Earth and the adaptations necessary for survival in extreme environments, we can better inform our search for life on other planets. The discovery of life on other planets would revolutionize our understanding of biology and our place in the universe. The lessons learned from Archean life provide a valuable framework for identifying potential biosignatures and searching for habitable environments beyond Earth.
8. Ongoing Research and Future Directions:
Research in Archean biologics is a rapidly evolving field. Advances in genomics, proteomics, and other "omics" technologies are providing unprecedented insights into the genetic and metabolic characteristics of early life. Furthermore, continued exploration of ancient rock formations and the development of new analytical techniques promises to uncover even more details about the origins and evolution of life. The future of Archean biologics research lies in integrating these diverse approaches to create a more complete and nuanced understanding of this crucial period in Earth’s history.
Ebook Outline: "Unraveling Archean Biologics: Life's Early Chapters"
By: Dr. Evelyn Reed
Introduction: A captivating overview of the Archean Eon and the significance of studying its biology.
Chapter 1: The Archean Environment: A detailed description of the harsh conditions present during the Archean Eon, including atmospheric composition, volcanic activity, and UV radiation.
Chapter 2: Metabolic Innovations: A comprehensive exploration of early metabolic pathways, including methanogenesis and fermentation, and the transition to oxygenic photosynthesis.
Chapter 3: Cellular Evolution: A discussion of the structure and organization of early cells, including prokaryotic characteristics and the evolutionary steps leading to more complex life forms.
Chapter 4: The Fossil Record: An examination of the available fossil evidence from the Archean Eon, including stromatolites and other microbial fossils.
Chapter 5: Modern Applications: An exploration of the practical applications of Archean biologics in various fields, including biotechnology, medicine, and renewable energy.
Chapter 6: Astrobiological Implications: A discussion of the implications of Archean biology for the search for extraterrestrial life.
Chapter 7: Future Research Directions: A look at the ongoing research in the field and the potential for future discoveries.
Conclusion: A summary of key findings and their significance for our understanding of life's origins and evolution.
(Note: The subsequent sections would elaborate on each chapter of the outlined ebook. Due to the length constraint, I cannot provide full-length expansions of each chapter here. However, the above structure and content provide a solid foundation for a comprehensive ebook.)
FAQs:
1. What is the significance of studying Archean biologics? Studying Archean biologics provides critical insights into the origins of life, the evolution of metabolic pathways, and the development of early cellular structures. This knowledge has implications for various fields, including biotechnology, medicine, and astrobiology.
2. What were the major challenges faced by early life during the Archean Eon? Early life faced numerous challenges, including the lack of an oxygen-rich atmosphere, high levels of UV radiation, and frequent volcanic activity.
3. How did early organisms obtain energy in the absence of oxygen? Early organisms likely relied on anaerobic metabolisms such as methanogenesis and fermentation to obtain energy.
4. What is the importance of oxygenic photosynthesis in the history of life? Oxygenic photosynthesis revolutionized Earth's atmosphere by introducing significant levels of oxygen, paving the way for the evolution of more complex life forms.
5. What are stromatolites, and what is their significance? Stromatolites are layered structures formed by microbial communities, providing compelling evidence of early life on Earth.
6. What are some modern applications of Archean biologics? Archean biologics have potential applications in various fields, including the development of novel enzymes for industrial processes, sustainable biofuels, and new medical treatments.
7. What is the relevance of Archean biologics to astrobiology? Understanding Archean life helps us to understand the conditions under which life can emerge and survive, informing our search for extraterrestrial life.
8. What are some current research directions in Archean biologics? Current research focuses on utilizing advanced genomic and proteomic technologies to analyze the genetic and metabolic characteristics of early life and exploring new fossil sites to discover more about the history of life on Earth.
9. Where can I learn more about Archean biologics? Numerous scientific journals, textbooks, and online resources provide information on Archean biologics. Searching for keywords like "Archean biology," "early life," "stromatolites," and "extremophiles" will yield many relevant results.
Related Articles:
1. The Evolution of Photosynthesis in Archean Cyanobacteria: This article details the evolutionary steps involved in the development of oxygenic photosynthesis and its impact on Earth's atmosphere.
2. Extremophiles: Life in Extreme Environments: This article explores organisms thriving in extreme conditions similar to those found in the Archean Eon, highlighting their adaptations and potential applications.
3. The Archean Fossil Record: A Review of Key Discoveries: This article summarizes major fossil finds from the Archean Eon and their significance in understanding early life.
4. Methanogenesis and the Archean Biosphere: This article discusses the importance of methanogenesis as a primary metabolic pathway in the Archean Eon and its role in shaping the early Earth environment.
5. Biosignatures of Early Life: Detecting Ancient Life Forms: This article explores the methods used to identify the presence of ancient life forms and their biological markers in ancient rocks.
6. Archean Biologics and the Search for Extraterrestrial Life: This article examines the implications of Archean biology for the search for life beyond Earth.
7. The Applications of Archean Enzymes in Biotechnology: This article details the use of enzymes from extremophilic organisms in various industrial and biotechnological applications.
8. The Role of Volcanic Activity in Shaping the Archean Biosphere: This article explores the impact of volcanic activity on the early Earth environment and its influence on the development of early life forms.
9. Future Directions in Archean Biologics Research: This article discusses the ongoing research and future directions in the field of Archean biologics, focusing on technological advancements and unexplored areas.
| archean biologics: Ecosystem Dynamics in a Polar Desert , 1998 Presents information from the primary abiotic forces defining the system, and from the present hydrology, biogeochemistry and physics of major sites of organic carbon production of the McMurdo Dry Valleys. Additionally, research on the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the dry valley soils is included. The role of environmental management in long-term ecological studies is also addressed. The accompanying CDROM provides details and scale to visualize the McMurdo Dry Valleys from an ecosystem perspective. |
| archean biologics: Government Reports Announcements & Index , 1984 |
| archean biologics: The Science and Applications of Synthetic and Systems Biology Institute of Medicine, Board on Global Health, Forum on Microbial Threats, 2011-12-30 Many potential applications of synthetic and systems biology are relevant to the challenges associated with the detection, surveillance, and responses to emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. On March 14 and 15, 2011, the Institute of Medicine's (IOM's) Forum on Microbial Threats convened a public workshop in Washington, DC, to explore the current state of the science of synthetic biology, including its dependency on systems biology; discussed the different approaches that scientists are taking to engineer, or reengineer, biological systems; and discussed how the tools and approaches of synthetic and systems biology were being applied to mitigate the risks associated with emerging infectious diseases. The Science and Applications of Synthetic and Systems Biology is organized into sections as a topic-by-topic distillation of the presentations and discussions that took place at the workshop. Its purpose is to present information from relevant experience, to delineate a range of pivotal issues and their respective challenges, and to offer differing perspectives on the topic as discussed and described by the workshop participants. This report also includes a collection of individually authored papers and commentary. |
| archean biologics: Biologics and Biosimilars Xiaodong Feng, Hong-Guang Xie, Ashim Malhotra, Catherine F. Yang, 2022-06-13 Biologics and Biosimilars: Drug Discovery and Clinical Applications is a systematic integration and evaluation of all aspects of biologics and biosimilars, encompassing research and development, clinical use, global regulation, and more. Biosimilars are biological therapeutic agents designed to imitate a reference biologic with high similarities in structure, efficacy, and safety, but also with potential clinical effective and cost-efficient options for the manufacturers, payers, clinicians, and patients. Most of the top-selling prescription drugs in the current market are biologics, which have revolutionized the treatment strategies and modalities for life-threatening and/or rare diseases. This book outlines the key processes and challenges in drug development, regulations, and clinical applications of biologics, biosimilars, and even interchangeable biosimilars. Global experts in the field discuss essential categories and prototype drugs of biologics and biosimilars in clinical practice such as allergenics, blood and blood components, cell treatment, gene therapy, recombinant therapeutic proteins or peptides, tissues, and vaccines. Additional features: Integrates the latest bench and bedside evidence of drug development and regulations of biologics and biosimilars Contains key study questions for each chapter to guide the readers, as well as drug charts for all therapeutic applications of biologics and biosimilars Presents detailed schematic illustrations to explain the drug development, clinical trials, regulations, and clinical applications of biologics and biosimilars This book is an invaluable tool for health care professional students, providers, and pharmaceutical and health care industries, as well as the public, providing readers with educational updates about the drug development and clinical affairs of biological medications and their similar drugs. |
| archean biologics: Encyclopedia of Biology Don Rittner, Timothy Lee McCabe, 2004-08 Contains approximately 800 alphabetical entries, prose essays on important topics, line illustrations, and black-and-white photographs. |
| archean biologics: Biosimilars Shein-Chung Chow, 2013-07-29 As many biological products face losing their patents in the next decade, the pharmaceutical industry needs an abbreviated regulatory pathway for approval of biosimilar drug products, which are cost-effective, follow-on/subsequent versions of the innovator’s biologic products. But scientific challenges remain due to the complexity of both the manufacturing process and the structures of biosimilar products. Written by a top biostatistics researcher, Biosimilars: Design and Analysis of Follow-on Biologics is the first book entirely devoted to the statistical design and analysis of biosimilarity and interchangeability of biosimilar products. It includes comparability tests of important quality attributes at critical stages of the manufacturing processes of biologic products. Connecting the pharmaceutical/biotechnology industry, government regulatory agencies, and academia, this state-of-the-art book focuses on the scientific factors and practical issues related to the design and analysis of biosimilar studies. It covers most of the statistical questions encountered in various study designs at different stages of research and development of biological products. |
| archean biologics: Biologics, A History of Agents Made From Living Organisms in the Twentieth Century Alexander von Schwerin, Heiko Stoff, Bettina Wahrig, 2015-10-06 The use of biologics – drugs made from living organisms – has raised specific scientific, industrial, medical and legal issues. The essays contained in this collection each deal with a case study of a biologic substance, or group of biologics, and its use during the twentieth century. |
| archean biologics: Microstructural Geochronology Desmond E. Moser, Fernando Corfu, James R. Darling, Steven M. Reddy, Kimberly Tait, 2017-12-26 Microstructural Geochronology Geochronology techniques enable the study of geological evolution and environmental change over time. This volume integrates two aspects of geochronology: one based on classical methods of orientation and spatial patterns, and the other on ratios of radioactive isotopes and their decay products. The chapters illustrate how material science techniques are taking this field to the atomic scale, enabling us to image the chemical and structural record of mineral lattice growth and deformation, and sometimes the patterns of radioactive parent and daughter atoms themselves, to generate a microstructural geochronology from some of the most resilient materials in the solar system. First compilation of research focusing on the crystal structure, material properties, and chemical zoning of the geochronology mineral archive down to nanoscale Novel comparisons of mineral time archives from different rocky planets and asteroids and their shock metamorphic histories Fundamentals on how to reconstruct and date radiogenic isotope distributions using atom probe tomography Microstructural Geochronology will be a valuable resource for graduate students, academics, and researchers in the fields of petrology, geochronology, mineralogy, geochemistry, planetary geology, astrobiology, chemistry, and material science. It will also appeal to philosophers and historians of science from other disciplines. |
| archean biologics: Non-Natural Amino Acids , 2009-07-24 By combining the tools of organic chemistry with those of physical biochemistry and cell biology, Non-Natural Amino Acids aims to provide fundamental insights into how proteins work within the context of complex biological systems of biomedical interest. The critically acclaimed laboratory standard for 40 years, Methods in Enzymology is one of the most highly respected publications in the field of biochemistry. Since 1955, each volume has been eagerly awaited, frequently consulted, and praised by researchers and reviewers alike. With more than 400 volumes published, each Methods in Enzymology volume presents material that is relevant in today's labs -- truly an essential publication for researchers in all fields of life sciences. - Demonstrates how the tools and principles of chemistry combined with the molecules and processes of living cells can be combined to create molecules with new properties and functions found neither in nature nor in the test tube - Presents new insights into the molecular mechanisms of complex biological and chemical systems that can be gained by studying the structure and function of non-natural molecules - Provides a one-stop shop for tried and tested essential techniques, eliminating the need to wade through untested or unreliable methods |
| archean biologics: Handbook of Biologics & Biosimilars in Dermatology Manas Chatterjee, Shekhar Neema, 2018-08-16 A drug is typically manufactured through chemical synthesis, which means that it is made by combining specific chemical ingredients in an ordered process. Biologics are medicines made from living cells through highly complex manufacturing processes and must be handled and administered under carefully monitored conditions. Biologics are used to prevent, treat, diagnose, or cure a variety of diseases including cancer, chronic kidney disease, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases. A biosimilar is a biologic that is similar to another biologic drug already that has already been approved. This book is a complete guide to the use of biologics and biosimilars in the treatment of dermatologic disorders. Beginning with an overview of the history and classification of biologics and the concept of biosimilars, the following chapters explain their therapeutic use for different skin conditions. The final sections cover related topics such as cost effectiveness and quality of life with biologic therapy, and the book concludes with discussion on future developments and the use of small molecule treatment. Key points Complete guide to use of biologics and biosimilars in treatment of dermatologic disorders Covers many different skin diseases and conditions Discusses related topics such as cost effectiveness and quality of life Covers future development of small molecule therapy |
| archean biologics: Biologics in General Medicine W.-H. Boehncke, H.H. Radeke, 2007-05-08 This is the first book to cover every angle in the clinical application of biologics. Readers will not only find that all of the biologics currently approved for clinical use are delineated in a standardized way, but also the differential therapy with biologics in fields including dermatology and neurology is described in detail and summarized in treatment algorithms. Shorter sections on biologic biotechnology as well as safety and regulatory issues complement the more clinically-oriented central chapters. |
| archean biologics: Ultrahigh-Pressure Metamorphism Larissa Dobrzhinetskaya, Shah Wali Faryad, Simon Wallis, Simon Cuthbert, 2011-03-15 Ultrahigh Pressure Metamorphism (UHPM) is a fast growing discipline that was established 25 years ago after discoveries of high pressure minerals, coesite and diamonds. The current explosion of research on UHMP terranes reflects their significance for understanding large scale mantle dynamics, major elements of plate tectonics such as continental collisions, deep subduction and exhumation, mountains building, geochemical recycling 'from surface to the core', and a deep storage of light elements participating in green-house effects in the atmosphere. This book provides insights into the formation of diamond and coesite at very high pressures and explores new ideas regarding the tectonic setting of this style of metamorphism. - Important, authoritative and comprehensive one-stop resource for the growing ultrahigh pressure metamorphism UHPM research community - A forward-looking approach founded upon a detailed historical perspective on UHPM presents the trends in discovery, methodology and theory over the last 25 years, allowing readers to gain a clear understanding of the current trends and the approaches that will shape the science in the future - A highly diverse set of articles, covering a wide range of methods and sub-disciplines |
| archean biologics: Introduction to Biologic and Biosimilar Product Development and Analysis Karen M. Nagel, 2018-09-27 The purpose of this book is to give a concise introduction to development and analysis of pharmaceutical biologics for those in the pharmaceutical industry who are switching focus from small molecules to biologics processing, analysis, and delivery. In order to maintain a limited focus, Introduction to Biologic and Biosimilar Product Development and Analysis, will deal only with peptides, proteins and monoclonal antibodies. |
| archean biologics: When Did Plate Tectonics Begin on Planet Earth? Kent C. Condie, Victoria Pease, 2008-01-01 Inspired by a GSA Penrose Conference held in Lander, Wyoming, June 14-18, 2006, this volume discusses the beginning and evolution of plate tectonics on Earth, and gives readers an introduction to some of the uncertainties and controversies related to the evolution of the planet. In the first three sections of the book, which cover isotopic, geochemical, metamorphic, mineralization, and mantle geodynamic constraints, a variety of papers address the question of when modern-style plate tectonics began on planet Earth. The next set of papers focuses on the geodynamic or geophysical constraints for the beginning of plate tectonics. The volume's final section synthesizes a broad range of evidence, from planetary analogues and geodynamic modeling, to Earth's preserved geologic record. This work provides an excellent graduate level text summarizing the current state of knowledge and will be of interest to a wide range of earth and planetary scientists.--Publisher's website. |
| archean biologics: Nonclinical Development of Novel Biologics, Biosimilars, Vaccines and Specialty Biologics Lisa M. Plitnick, Danuta Herzyk, 2013-06-27 Nonclinical Development of Novel Biologics, Biosimilars, Vaccines and Specialty Biologics is a complete reference devoted to the nonclinical safety assessment of novel biopharmaceuticals, biosimilars, vaccines, cell and gene therapies and blood products. This book compares and contrasts these types of biologics with one another and with small molecule drugs, while incorporating the most current and essential international regulatory documents. Each section discusses a different type of biologic, as well as early characterization strategies, principles of study design, preclinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics and preclinical assays. An edited book that is authored by leading experts in the field, this comprehensive reference provides critical insights to all researchers involved in early through late stage biologics. - Provides in-depth coverage of the process of nonclinical safety assessment and comprehensive reviews of each type of biopharmaceutical - Contains the most pertinent international regulatory guidance documents for nonclinical evaluation - Covers early de-risking strategies and designs of safety assessment programs for novel biopharmaceuticals and vaccines, as well as follow-on biologics or biosimilars - A multi-authored book with chapters written by qualified experts in their respective fields |
| archean biologics: Biosimilars Jean-Louis Prugnaud, Jean-Hugues Trouvin, 2012-11-27 Biologics have revolutionised the treatment of many severe conditions, delivering exceptional clinical results but also producing exceptionally high prices. As patents expire, copies and price competition are expected throughout the world. However, due to the intrinsic heterogeneity and molecular complexity of biologic medicinal products, their copies cannot simply be authorized under the “generic rule” valid for small chemical entities. In response, a dedicated regulation was issued in the European Union. It is based on the concept of “biological medicinal products similar to a biological reference product”, or “biosimilars”. This book analyses the context of biotechnological production and addresses the European legal framework for biosimilar market approval. It highlights post-market authorisation issues, such as Risk Management Plans and substitution of products, and outlines some other issues, such as cost management and international nomenclature. This book is primarily intended for hospital-based physicians and pharmacists. It will also be a valuable resource for all actors from all countries who want to better understand the emergence of these new medicinal products within the European context. |
| archean biologics: Prebiotic Chemistry Peter Walde, 2005-10-13 |
| archean biologics: Applications of Microanalytical Techniques to Understanding Mineralizing Processes Michael A. McKibben, 1998 |
| archean biologics: Fast Facts: Biosimilars in Hematology and Oncology P. Cornes, A. McBride, 2020-01-24 Biologics have revolutionized – and are revolutionizing – the treatment of many serious disorders. The evidence acquired from more than 10 years of clinical experience, with more than 50 biosimilar drugs and more than 700 million patient-days' exposure in Europe, shows that approved biosimilars can be used as safely and effectively as originator biologics. Yet concerns persist about biosimilars – particularly in curative cancer treatment, where they are relatively recent therapeutic options. 'Fast Facts: Biosimilars in Hematology and Oncology' provides a concise overview of emerging global practice in this fast-moving area together with practical information on adding biosimilars to a formulary and switching patients. Contents: • Biologics and the need for biosimilars • Why do we need biosimilars? • How is the quality of biosimilar medicines assured? • Legal issues • Switching, interchangeability and extrapolation • Safety and pharmacovigilant • Global issues • Formulary considerations: pharmacy issues • Formulary considerations: supportive care biosimilars • Formulary considerations: therapeutic anti-cancer biosimilars • Communication and awareness |
| archean biologics: Microbial Biomass Process Technologies and Management Basanta Kumara Behera, Ajit Varma, 2017-07-12 This book describes how microbes can be used as effective and sustainable resources to meet the current challenge of finding suitable and economical solutions for biopharmaceuticals, enzymes, food additives, nutraceuticals, value added biochemicals and microbial fuels, and discusses various aspects of microbial regulatory activity and its applications. It particularly focuses on the design, layout and other relevant issues in industrial microbe applications. Moreover, it discusses the entire microbial-product supply chain, from manufacturing sites to end users, both in domestic and international markets, providing insights into the global marketing of microbes and microbial biomass-derived products. Further, it includes topics concerning the effective production and utilization of eco-friendly biotechnology industries. It offers a valuable, ready-to-use guide for technologists and policymakers developing new biotechnologies. |
| archean biologics: Structural Control of Mineral Deposits Alain Chauvet, 2019-04-16 Structural Control” remains a crucial point that frequently lacks in any scientific and/or economic analysis of ore deposits, whatever their type and class. The case of lode deposits is exemplary, although also other deposits, like breccia pipe, stockwerk, massive sulphides, skarn, etc., can, surprisingly, be concerned. Several concepts like the gold-bearing shear zone have not proven valid during the last few decades in terms of our understanding of gold deposit and have been totally abandoned. Additionally, the relationships between magmatism, regional tectonic context, and mineralization remain uncertain and have been debated in several recent publications. This demonstrates that this issue is still relevant, and its solution may help in the distinction between intrusion-related and orogenic deposits. In this Special Issue, we particularly invite any case study of mineral deposits, in which it has been demonstrated that structural geology may have a significant role in the establishment of the deposit model of formation and/or on exploration and exploitation programs. Examples in which the structural model diverges from those described in the classical literature are particularly welcomed, including studies in which relationships with magmatism can be suspected and/or demonstrated. Indeed, all cases that illustrate concepts that differ from the classic ones and from theoretical models may represent significant contributions to this volume. |
| archean biologics: Bibliography of Agriculture with Subject Index , 1995 |
| archean biologics: Biologics Development Mark P. Mathieu, 1993 |
| archean biologics: The Age of the Earth G. Brent Dalrymple, 1991 A synthesis of all that has been postulated and is known about the age of the Earth |
| archean biologics: Lattice-Preferred Orientation and Microstructures of Minerals and Their Implications for Seismic Anisotropy Haemyeong Jung, Munjae Park, 2021 The lattice-preferred orientation (LPO) of minerals is important for interpreting seismic anisotropy, which occurs in the Earth's crust and mantle, and for understanding the internal structure of the deep interior of the Earth. The characterization of microstructures, including LPO, grain size, grain shape, and misorientation, is important to determine the deformation conditions, deformation histories, kinematics, and seismic anisotropies in the crust and mantle The articles in this Special Issue prove that studies of LPO and microstructures of minerals and rocks are a major research area and provide a foundation for interpreting seismic anisotropy in the crust, mantle, and subduction zones. Therefore, the authors hope that this Special Issue encompassing recent advances in the measurement of LPOs of different minerals under various tectonic settings will be a fundamental and valuable resource for the readers and researchers interested in exploring the deformation conditions of minerals and rocks, as well as the interpretation of seismic anisotropy in the crust, mantle, and subduction zones. |
| archean biologics: Biosimilars and Interchangeable Biologics Sarfaraz K. Niazi, 2016-01-05 What's the Deal with Biosimilars?Biosimilars are gaining momentum as new protein therapeutic candidates that can help fill a vital need in the healthcare industry. The biological drugs are produced by recombinant DNA technology that allows for large-scale production and an overall reduction time in costs and development. Part of a two-volume set th |
| archean biologics: The Geology of the Arabian-Nubian Shield Zakaria Hamimi, Abdel-Rahman Fowler, Jean-Paul Liégeois, Alan Collins, Mohamed G. Abdelsalam, Mohamed Abd EI-Wahed, 2021-07-30 This richly illustrated book reviews the geology, tectonics and mineralization of the Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) in 27 chapters. It starts with an examination of the ANS lithospheric scale features, explores Mesoproterozoic units and deals with the ANS oceanic stage. Arc volcanism and plutonism, post-collision basins and volcanics are discussed, as well as the younger granitoid magmatism and the deformation history of the ANS. The book provides information on ANS glacial stages and late magmatism. Chapters are devoted to review the transition between ANS and the reworked continent to its south. Finally, it discusses how ANS structures influenced the overall East African Rift System. |
| archean biologics: The Handbook of Biological Therapy Bruce Kirkham, Arthur Kavanaugh, Scott Eric Plevy, Jonathan Barker, 2008-11-27 Drugs produced by molecular biological techniques, called the 'biologics', differ from the usual chemical medications. Their optimum use, and the detection and managemenet of adverse events, pose a significant challenge to the clinician. Licences for new biologics continue to be granted for the likes of rituximab, abatacept and certocizumals pegol. Intensive research is also defining new areas in which these drugs will be used in the future, increasing the number of practitioners using biologics. As the use of these drugs increases around the world, so the level of information needed by primary care practitioners and specialist prescribers needs to be expanded The Handbook of Biological Therapy provides the practising clinician with a practica guide to the use of Tumour Necrosis Factor Blocking Therapy (TNF-blockers), and important new class of biologic therapy for rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, psoriasis, and psoriatic arthritis. It is a comprehensive distillation of the authors' clinical experience with these drugs, combined with data from diverse databases offering practical advice on their uses, specific indications, supporting clinical trial data and safety issues, with the aim of making the use of these drugs easier for the busy clinician. All of the authors have been involved from the beginnings of the clinical trial programmes with these drugs and continue to use them in daily practice. |
| archean biologics: Arctic Hydrology, Permafrost and Ecosystems Daqing Yang, Douglas L. Kane, 2020-08-28 This book provides a comprehensive, up-to-date assessment of the key terrestrial components of the Arctic system, i.e., its hydrology, permafrost, and ecology, drawing on the latest research results from across the circumpolar regions. The Arctic is an integrated system, the elements of which are closely linked by the atmosphere, ocean, and land. Using an integrated system approach, the book’s 30 chapters, written by a diverse team of leading scholars, carefully examine Arctic climate variability/change, large river hydrology, lakes and wetlands, snow cover and ice processes, permafrost characteristics, vegetation/landscape changes, and the future trajectory of Arctic system evolution. The discussions cover the fundamental features of and processes in the Arctic system, with a special focus on critical knowledge gaps, i.e., the interactions and feedbacks between water, permafrost, and ecosystem, such as snow pack and permafrost changes and their impacts on basin hydrology and ecology, river flow, geochemistry, and energy fluxes to the Arctic Ocean, and the structure and function of the Arctic ecosystem in response to past/future changes in climate, hydrology, and permafrost conditions. Given its scope, the book offers a valuable resource for researchers, graduate students, environmentalists, managers, and administrators who are concerned with the northern environment and resources. |
| archean biologics: Adaptation and Natural Selection George Christopher Williams, 2018-10-30 Biological evolution is a fact—but the many conflicting theories of evolution remain controversial even today. When Adaptation and Natural Selection was first published in 1966, it struck a powerful blow against those who argued for the concept of group selection—the idea that evolution acts to select entire species rather than individuals. Williams’s famous work in favor of simple Darwinism over group selection has become a classic of science literature, valued for its thorough and convincing argument and its relevance to many fields outside of biology. Now with a new foreword by Richard Dawkins, Adaptation and Natural Selection is an essential text for understanding the nature of scientific debate. |
| archean biologics: Mantle Xenoliths Peter H. Nixon, 1987 The eruption of deep-seated xenoliths in basaltic, alnoitic, kimberlitic, etc volcanoes provides the geologist with an important direct means of examining the fragments of the earth's mantle and lower crust. |
| archean biologics: Isotopes Gunter Faure, Teresa M. Mensing, 2009 |
| archean biologics: Hospital-Based Dermatopathology Mai P. Hoang, Maria Angelica Selim, 2020-02-28 This book provides a concise reference of the histologic and clinical findings of dermatologic conditions encountered in the inpatient setting. The text is divided into twenty chapters. Histopathologic images and corresponding clinical photographs facilitate clinical pathologic correlation of the conditions discussed in each chapter. Bulleted summaries for quick easy-to-read reference and diagnostic pearls are provided for each of the discussed entities. Each chapter ends with several case studies in which clinical presentation, histologic interpretation and work-up of these challenging scenarios are outlined. This book represents an international collaboration and a wealth of clinical expertise and years of experience of authors from Africa, Asia, Europe, North and South America. Hospital-Based Dermatopathology is a useful diagnostic guide for general pathologists, pathology and dermatology trainees, medical students, dermatopathologists, as well as dermatologists, hospitalists, and inpatient clinicians. It also serves as a useful guide in rendering histologic diagnosis for hospital-based or inpatient skin biopsies. |
| archean biologics: Biosimilars and Interchangeable Biologics Sarfaraz K. Niazi, 2018-10-30 What’s the Deal with Biosimilars? Biosimilars are gaining momentum as new protein therapeutic candidates that can help fill a vital need in the healthcare industry. The biological drugs are produced by recombinant DNA technology that allows for large-scale production and an overall reduction time in costs and development. Part of a two-volume set that covers varying aspects of biosimilars, Biosimilars and Interchangeable Biologics: Strategic Elements explores the strategic planning side of biosimilar drugs and targets issues surrounding biosimilars that are linked to legal matters. This includes principal patents and intellectual property, regulatory pathways, and concerns about affordability on a global scale. It addresses the complexity of biosimilar products, and it discusses the utilization of biosimilars and related biological drugs in expanding world markets. Of specific interest to practitioners, researchers, and scientists in the biopharmaceutical industry, this volume examines the science, technology, finance, legality, ethics, and politics of biosimilar drugs. It considers strategic planning elements that include an overall understanding of the history and the current status of the art and science of biosimilars, and it provides detailed descriptions of the legal, regulatory, and commercial characteristics. The book also presents a global strategy on how to build, take to market, and manage the next generation of biosimilars throughout their life cycle. |
| archean biologics: Novel Approaches and Strategies for Biologics, Vaccines and Cancer Therapies Manmohan Singh, Maya Salnikova, 2014-12-30 Novel Approaches and Strategies for Biologics, Vaccines and Cancer Therapies takes a look at the current strategies, successes and challenges involved with the development of novel formulations of biologics, vaccines and cancer therapy. This thorough reference on the latest trends in the development of diverse modalities will appeal to a broad community of scientists, students and clinicians. Written by leading authors across academia and industry, this book covers important topics such as unique drug delivery devices, non-parenteral delivery trends, novel approaches to the treatment of cancer, immunotherapy and more. It includes real-world cases and examples which highlight formulations with therapeutic proteins, monoclonal antibodies, peptides and biobetters, as well as cases on novel vaccines formulations including evolving pathogens, novel modalities of vaccines, universal vaccines. This book is a thorough and useful resource on the development of novel biologics, vaccines and cancer therapies. - Provides strategies for the development of safe and efficacious novel formulations for various modalities of biologics, vaccines and for cancer therapy - Highlights novel cases from current clinical trials as well as marketed products - Reviews overall successes and challenges in the development of novel formulations, including new molecular targets for the treatment of diseases, design of target-specific therapies, regulatory considerations, individualized therapies |
| archean biologics: Early Palaeozoic Peri-Gondwana Terranes Michael G. Bassett, 2009 Explores the tectonic, palaeogeographical and palaeobiogeographical evolution of the elements that made up the peri-Gondwanan collage. |
| archean biologics: Life in the Solar System and Beyond Barrie W. Jones, 2004-02-11 In Life in the Solar System and Beyond, Professor Jones has written a broad introduction to the subject, addressing important topics such as, what is life?, the origins of life and where to look for extraterrestrial life. The chapters are arranged as follows: Chapter 1 is a broad introduction to the cosmos, with an emphasis on where we might find life. In Chapters 2 and 3 Professor Jones discusses life on Earth, the one place we know to be inhabited. Chapter 4 is a brief tour of the Solar system, leading us in Chapters 5 and 6 to two promising potential habitats, Mars and Europa. In Chapter 7 the author discusses the fate of life in the Solar system, which gives us extra reason to consider life further afield. Chapter 8 focuses on the types of stars that might host habitable planets, and where in the Galaxy these might be concentrated. Chapters 9 and 10 describe the instruments and techniques being employed to discover planets around other stars (exoplanetary systems), and those that will be employed in the near future. Chapter 11 summarizes the known exoplanetary systems, together with an outline of the systems we expect to discover soon, particularly habitable planets. Chapter 12 describes how we will attempt to find life on these planets, and the final chapter brings us to the search for extraterrestrial intelligence, and the question as to whether we are alone. |
| archean biologics: Safety of Biologics Therapy Brian A. Baldo, 2016-08-12 This long overdue title provides a comprehensive, up-to-date, state-of-the art review of approved biologic therapies, with coverage of mechanisms of action, Indications for therapy, immunogenicity and a detailed examination of adverse effects and safety of the many and diverse therapeutic agents presented in a total of 13 chapters. It is predicted that by 2016, biologics will make up half of the world's 20 top-selling drugs and by 2018, biologic medicine sales will account for almost half of the world's 100 biggest selling drugs. Recombinant proteins dominate the growing list of the more than 200 approved biotherapeutic agents with targeted antibodies, fusion proteins and receptors; cytokines; hormones; enzymes; proteins involved in blood-clotting, homeostasis and thrombosis; vaccines; botulinum neurotoxins; and, more recently, biosimilar preparations, comprising the majority of approved biologics. Written with clinicians, other health care professionals, and researchers in mind, Safety of Biologics Therapy examines, in a single volume, the full range of issues surrounding the safety of approved biologic therapies. A good understanding of the risks and safety issues of modern biologics therapy is increasingly being demanded of all those connected with their development, handling, prescribing, administration and subsequent patient management. In addition to being of great value to clinicians in all branches of medicine, and to nurses, pharmacists and researchers, this book will prove invaluable for students taking undergraduate and graduate courses in the above disciplines and in the biomedical sciences. |
| archean biologics: Biomedical Applications of Metals Mahendra Rai, Avinash P. Ingle, Serenella Medici, 2018-02-24 Focused more specifically on the recent advances in applications of various metals and their complexes used in biomedicine, particularly in the diagnosis and treatment of chronic diseases. The editors give equal importance to other key aspects such as toxicological issues and safety concerns. The application of metals in the biomedical field is highly interdisciplinary and has a broad appeal across all biomedical specialties. Biomedical Applications of Metals is particularly focused on covering the role of metals in medicine and the development of novel therapeutic products and solutions in the form of alternative medicines, and some topics on Indian traditional medicine i.e., “Ayurveda”. In Section I, the book discusses the role of metals in medicines and include chapters on nanoparticles, noble metals, medical devices, copper. selenium, silver, and microbial pathogens; while Section II includes topics on metals toxicity including heavy metals, carcinogens, cancer therapy, Bhasma’s and chelating agents used in Ayurveda, and biochemical and molecular targets including actions of metals. These new and emerging concepts of applications of metals in medicine, their crucial role in management of microbial resistance, and their use in the treatment of various chronic diseases is essential information for toxicologists, and clinical and biomedical researchers. |
| archean biologics: Groundwater-Surface Water Interactions Habil. Jörg Lewandowski, Karin Meinikmann, Stefan Krause, 2020-12-10 Recent years have seen a paradigm shift in our understanding of groundwater–surface water interactions: surface water and aquifers were long considered discrete, separate entities; they are now understood as integral components of a surface–subsurface continuum. This book provides an overview of current research advances and innovative approaches in groundwater–surface water interactions. The 20 research articles and 1 communication cover a wide range of thematic scopes, scales, and experimental and modelling methods across different disciplines (hydrology, aquatic ecology, biogeochemistry, and environmental pollution). The book identifies current knowledge gaps and reveals the challenges in establishing standardized measurement, observation, and assessment approaches. It includes current hot topcis with environmental and societal relevance such as eutrophication, retention of legacy, and emerging pollutants (e.g., pharmaceuticals and microplastics), urban water interfaces, and climate change impacts. The book demonstrates the relevance of processes at groundwater–surface water interfaces for (1) regional water balances and (2) quality and quantity of drinking water resources. As such, this book represents the long-awaited transfer of the above-mentioned paradigm shift in understanding of groundwater–surface water interactions from science to practice. |
