Integral Pronunciation American

Integral Pronunciation: Mastering the American Accent

Are you struggling to nail that perfect American accent? Do you find yourself mispronouncing words, hindering your communication and potentially affecting your professional or personal life? Understanding the nuances of American English pronunciation is crucial for clear and effective communication, whether you're a non-native speaker aiming for fluency or a native speaker looking to refine their articulation. This comprehensive guide dives deep into the intricacies of "integral" pronunciation in American English, providing practical tips and techniques to help you master this often-misunderstood aspect of the language. We'll cover common pitfalls, offer pronunciation exercises, and explore the subtle variations that can significantly impact your spoken English. Get ready to unlock the secrets to confident and clear American pronunciation!

Understanding the Challenges of Integral Pronunciation

The word "integral" presents a unique challenge for many learners of American English. Its spelling might suggest a straightforward pronunciation, but the actual sounds and stress patterns require attention to detail. The difficulty often stems from:

Multiple Syllables: The word has three syllables, each requiring precise articulation. Misplacing the stress or shortening a syllable can significantly alter the meaning and sound unnatural.
Vowel Sounds: The vowels in "integral" are not always consistently pronounced across different dialects of American English. Nuances in vowel length and quality can make a difference.
Consonant Blends: The consonant blend "gr" at the beginning and the "l" sound followed by a soft "r" require careful coordination of the tongue and mouth.

Breaking Down the Pronunciation: A Step-by-Step Guide

To master the pronunciation of "integral," let's dissect it syllable by syllable:

1. IN-: This syllable begins with the sound /ɪn/, as in "in" or "tin." The "i" sound is a short "i" sound, not a long "eye" sound.
2. TE-: This syllable contains the sound /tɛ/, with the emphasis on the short "e" sound, as in "ten." Avoid lengthening this vowel.
3. GRAL: This final syllable presents the most challenges. It consists of the sounds /ɡrəl/, with a clear "g" sound, followed by the "r" sound, and finishing with an "əl" sound – almost like a softened "el". Avoid adding an extra vowel sound at the end. Many pronounce it with a distinct "l" sound, neglecting the subtle "əl" sound, which softens the ending.

Practice Makes Perfect: Exercises for Improved Pronunciation

Regular practice is key to improving pronunciation. Here are a few exercises to help you master "integral":

Syllable Repetition: Practice each syllable individually: /ɪn/, /tɛ/, /ɡrəl/. Repeat each syllable multiple times until you feel comfortable with the sound.
Word Repetition: Repeat the entire word "integral" multiple times, focusing on clear articulation of each syllable and the smooth transition between them.
Sentence Integration: Incorporate "integral" into sentences. This helps you practice the word in context and hear how it flows with other words. For example: "Mathematics is an integral part of science." "He played an integral role in the project's success."
Record Yourself: Record yourself saying the word and sentence, then listen back critically. This allows you to identify areas where your pronunciation needs improvement.
Mimic Native Speakers: Listen to native English speakers pronounce "integral" and try to mimic their pronunciation. Pay attention to the rhythm, stress, and intonation. Utilize audio resources and videos for this purpose.

Common Mispronunciations and How to Avoid Them

Several common errors plague the pronunciation of "integral." Being aware of these can help you avoid them:

Incorrect Stress: Placing the stress on the wrong syllable (e.g., IN-te-gral instead of in-TE-gral) completely changes the word's pronunciation and meaning.
Vowel Errors: Using the long "e" sound instead of the short "e" in the second syllable alters the word's sound. Similarly, improperly enunciating the final "əl" sound weakens the pronunciation.
Consonant Slurring: Mumbling or slurring the "gr" blend or the final "l" makes the word unclear and difficult to understand.

Beyond "Integral": Expanding Your American English Pronunciation Skills

Mastering the pronunciation of "integral" is a stepping stone to improving your overall American English pronunciation. Consider these broader tips:

Focus on Phonetics: Understanding the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) can be invaluable in understanding the precise sounds in English words.
Use Pronunciation Resources: Many online resources, apps, and dictionaries offer audio pronunciations and phonetic transcriptions.
Seek Feedback: Ask native English speakers for feedback on your pronunciation. Constructive criticism can help you pinpoint areas needing improvement.

Article Outline: Mastering American English Pronunciation: The Case of "Integral"

I. Introduction: Hooking the reader and providing an overview of the topic.
II. Challenges of Pronouncing "Integral": Discussing the complexities of the word's structure and potential pitfalls.
III. Step-by-Step Pronunciation Guide: Breaking down the word syllable by syllable and providing clear instructions.
IV. Practical Exercises for Improvement: Providing various exercises to aid in pronunciation practice.
V. Common Mispronunciations and Corrections: Identifying common mistakes and offering solutions.
VI. Expanding Pronunciation Skills: Offering advice on broader pronunciation improvement strategies.
VII. Conclusion: Summarizing key points and encouraging further learning.

(The above outline is already fulfilled in the article above.)

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is the correct stress pattern for "integral"? The stress is on the second syllable: in-TE-gral.
2. How do I pronounce the "gr" blend in "integral"? Pronounce it as a single unit, not separating the "g" and "r" sounds.
3. What's the difference between the short "e" and long "e" sounds in "integral"? The short "e" sounds like the "e" in "ten," while the long "e" sounds like the "e" in "team." "Integral" uses the short "e."
4. How do I pronounce the final syllable "-gral"? The final syllable is pronounced /ɡrəl/, with a softened "l" sound.
5. Are there regional variations in the pronunciation of "integral"? Yes, subtle variations may exist across different American English dialects.
6. What resources can help me improve my American English pronunciation? Online dictionaries with audio pronunciations, language learning apps, and YouTube channels dedicated to pronunciation are helpful.
7. How important is proper pronunciation for effective communication? Accurate pronunciation is crucial for clear and effective communication, enhancing understanding and building confidence.
8. How can I get feedback on my pronunciation? Record yourself speaking and analyze your pronunciation, or ask a native English speaker to provide feedback.
9. Is it possible to learn perfect American English pronunciation? While achieving absolute perfection may be difficult, consistent effort and practice can significantly improve your pronunciation.

1. Mastering American English Vowel Sounds: A detailed guide to understanding and pronouncing the various vowel sounds in American English.
2. Common American English Pronunciation Mistakes: An overview of frequent pronunciation errors and how to avoid them.
3. Improving Your American English Accent: Tips and techniques for refining your overall American English accent.
4. The Importance of Stress and Intonation in American English: A discussion of how stress and intonation impact meaning and clarity.
5. American English Phonetics for Non-Native Speakers: An introduction to the phonetic system of American English for learners.
6. Pronunciation Practice: Tongue Twisters for American English: Fun tongue twisters to improve articulation and fluency.
7. Using Technology to Improve Your American English Pronunciation: Exploring apps and software that can assist with pronunciation practice.
8. Understanding American English Dialects and Their Pronunciation Variations: An exploration of regional differences in American English pronunciation.
9. Conquering the R Sound in American English: A focused guide on mastering the often-challenging "r" sound in American English.

integral pronunciation american: American Pronunciation Hans Kurath, Matthew Barnes, Robert Bridges, 1928
integral pronunciation american: Garner's Modern American Usage Bryan Garner, 2009-07-28 Since first appearing in 1998, Garner's Modern American Usage has established itself as the preeminent guide to the effective use of the English language. Brimming with witty, erudite essays on troublesome words and phrases, GMAU authoritatively shows how to avoid the countless pitfalls that await unwary writers and speakers whether the issues relate to grammar, punctuation, word choice, or pronunciation. An exciting new feature of this third edition is Garner's Language-Change Index, which registers where each disputed usage in modern English falls on a five-stage continuum from nonacceptability (to the language community as a whole) to acceptability, giving the book a consistent standard throughout. GMAU is the first usage guide ever to incorporate such a language-change index. The judgments are based both on Garner's own original research in linguistic corpora and on his analysis of hundreds of earlier studies. Another first in this edition is the panel of critical readers: 120-plus commentators who have helped Garner reassess and update the text, so that every page has been improved. Bryan A. Garner is a writer, grammarian, lexicographer, teacher, and lawyer. He has written professionally about English usage for more than 28 years, and his work has achieved widespread renown. David Foster Wallace proclaimed that Bryan Garner is a genius and William Safire called the book excellent. In fact, due to the strength of his work on GMAU, Garner was the grammarian asked to write the grammar-and-usage chapter for the venerable Chicago Manual of Style. His advice on language matters is second to none.
integral pronunciation american: An American Dictionary of the English Language Noah Webster, 1828
integral pronunciation american: Readings in American Dialectology Harold Byron Allen, 1971
integral pronunciation american: Chinese American Voices Judy Yung, Gordon Chang, Him Mark Lai, 2006-03-20 Described by others as quaint and exotic, or as depraved and threatening, and, more recently, as successful and exemplary, the Chinese in America have rarely been asked to describe themselves in their own words. This superb anthology, a diverse and illuminating collection of primary documents and stories by Chinese Americans, provides an intimate and textured history of the Chinese in America from their arrival during the California Gold Rush to the present. Among the documents are letters, speeches, testimonies, oral histories, personal memoirs, poems, essays, and folksongs; many have never been published before or have been translated into English for the first time. They bring to life the diverse voices of immigrants and American-born; laborers, merchants, and professionals; ministers and students; housewives and prostitutes; and community leaders and activists. Together, they provide insight into immigration, work, family and social life, and the longstanding fight for equality and inclusion. Featuring photographs and extensive introductions to the documents written by three leading Chinese American scholars, this compelling volume offers a panoramic perspective on the Chinese American experience and opens new vistas on American social, cultural, and political history.
integral pronunciation american: Albert Meets America József Illy, 2006-11-26 This exciting collection gives readers an intimate glimpse into the life of one of the world's first modern celebrities and a unique understanding of the media's power over both its subject and its audience.
integral pronunciation american: The US Sports Film: A Genre of American Dream Time Danny Gronmaier, 2022-12-05 Sports and film are media that create time. They are temporal not only in the sense that they are defined and regulated by certain temporalities as a result of processes of social negotiation, but also in the sense of modulating and intervening in these processes in the first place. They are determined by multiple temporalities referring to and aligning along perceptual corporeality; but at the same time, they also produce time through and along temporalities of bodily expression and perception. Thus, as much as we perceive and understand sports and film by means of our culturally coded conceptions of time, this comprehension is itself already the product of these media’s fabrication and modulation of certain audiovisual imaginations of time. This book examines these imaginations with regard to US team sports feature films, understanding the former as the latter’s constitutive conflict which makes these films graspable as a genre in the first place. By addressing temporality as an ever-new crystallization of a heroic past and an unattainable future in a saturated yet volatile present, this conflict connects substantially to the American Dream as an idea of community-building historicity. Departing from a non-taxonomic approach in genre theory and such philosophical recognition of the American Dream as less an ideological narrative but more a social and socially effective imaginary embedded in an audiovisual discourse of time, this book demonstrates the interrelation of sports, cinema and “American” subjectivization along close readings of the poetics of affect of five exemplary sports films (FIELD OF DREAMS, WE ARE MARSHALL, KNUTE ROCKNE ALL AMERICAN, JIM THORPE – ALL-AMERICAN, MIRACLE).
integral pronunciation american: Garner's Modern English Usage Bryan A. Garner, Distinguished Research Professor of Law Bryan A Garner, 2022-11-17 The most original and authoritative voice of today's English lexicography presents a fully revised new edition of his beloved usage dictionary When Bryan Garner published the first edition of A Dictionary of Modern American Usage in 1999, the book quickly became one of the most influential style guides ever written for the English language. After four previous editions and over twenty years, our language has evolved in many ways, and the powerful tool of big data has revolutionized lexicography. This extensively revised new edition fully captures these changes, featuring a thousand new entries and over two hundred replacement entries, thoroughly updated usage data and ratios on word frequency based on the Google Ngram Viewer, a more balanced coverage of World Englishes, not just American and British, and the inclusion of gender-neutral language. However, one thing has not changed: in no sense is this a regular dictionary but a masterpiece of lexicography written with wit and personality by one of the preeminent authorities on the English language. To put it in David Foster Wallace's words, Garner's discussion of rhetoric and style still borders on genius. From the (lost) battle between self-deprecating and self-depreciating to the misuse of it's for its, from the variant spelling patty-cake taking over pat-a-cake in American English to the singular uses of they, Garner explains the nuances of grammar and vocabulary and the linguistic blunders to which modern writers and speakers are prone, whether in word choice, syntax, phrasing, punctuation, or pronunciation. His empirical approach liberates English from two extremes: from the purists who maintain that split infinitives and sentence-ending prepositions are malfeasances and from the linguistic relativists who believe that whatever people say or write must necessarily be accepted. The purpose of Garner's dictionary is to help writers, editors, and speakers use the language effectively. And it does so in a playful and persuasive way that will help you sound grammatical but relaxed, refined but natural, correct but unpedantic.
integral pronunciation american: English Teaching Forum , 2000
integral pronunciation american: The Handbook of Applied Linguistics Alan Davies, Catherine Elder, 2008-04-15 The Handbook of Applied Linguistics is a collection of newly commissioned articles that provide a comprehensive and up-to-date picture of the field of Applied Linguistics. Provides a comprehensive and current picture of the field of Applied Linguistics. Contains 32 newly commissioned articles that examine both the applications of linguistics to language data and the use of real world language to ameliorate social problems. Valuable resource for students and researchers in applied linguistics, language teaching, and second language acquisition. Presents applied linguistics as an independent discipline that unifies practical experience and theoretical understanding of language development and language in use.
integral pronunciation american: Speaking With Skill Dudley Knight, 2013-11-18 Actors and other professional voice users need to speak clearly and expressively in order to communicate the ideas and emotions of their characters – and themselves. Whatever the native accent of the speaker, this easy communication to the listener must always happen in every moment, onstage, in film or on television; in real life too. This book, an introduction to Knight-Thompson Speechwork, gives speakers the ownership of a vast variety of speech skills and the ability to explore unlimited varieties of speech actions – without imposing a single, unvarying pattern of good speech. The skills gained through this book enable actors to find the unique way in which a dramatic character embodies the language of the play. They also help any speaker to communicate to a listener with total intelligibility without compromising the speaker's own accent; and to vary speech actions to meet different language needs. Supporting audio provides 116 tracks illustrating the exercises described in the book.
integral pronunciation american: Modern Jewish Women Writers in America E. Avery, 2007-05-28 This collection includes groundbreaking essays, and interviews with scholars and writers which reveal that despite pressures of assimilation, personal goals, and in some cases, anti-Semitism, they have never been able to divorce their lives or literature from their heritage.
integral pronunciation american: The Policy and Practice of English Medium of Instruction (EMI) in Pakistani Universities Humaira Irfan, 2019-01-23 This book discusses the perceptions of staff and students with regards to the policy and practice of English as the medium of instruction (EMI) in Pakistani universities. Findings from qualitative and quantitative data collected in two public universities are compared to identify perceptions of problems concerning English as a medium of instruction for postgraduate study. The research also examines participants’ attitudes towards the use of Pakistani English (PakE), a distinct variety of English different from other dialects such as American English and British English in its various linguistic features, in higher education settings. The findings explore the gap between the policy and practice of EMI, and expose various multi-layered and inevitable issues.
integral pronunciation american: The Big Book of Beastly Mispronunciations Charles Harrington Elster, 1999 Lists more than six hundred frequently mispronounced words and explains why a particular pronunciation is the proper choice.
integral pronunciation american: American Literary Gazette and Publishers' Circular , 1870
integral pronunciation american: The American Mathematical Monthly , 1894
integral pronunciation american: Language and Power John L Watzke, Paul Chamness Miller, Miguel Mantero, 2022-01-01 The International Society for Language Studies (ISLS) introduces its second volume in the series Readings in Language Studies with Language and Power, a text that represents international perspectives on power and bilingualism, identity in professions, media, the learner, and pedagogy. Founded in 2002, ISLS is a world-wide organization of volunteers, scholars and practitioners committed to critical, interdisciplinary, and emergent approaches to language studies.
integral pronunciation american: The Most Famous Man in America Debby Applegate, 2007-12-18 No one predicted success for Henry Ward Beecher at his birth in 1813. The blithe, boisterous son of the last great Puritan minister, he seemed destined to be overshadowed by his brilliant siblings—especially his sister, Harriet Beecher Stowe, who penned the century’s bestselling book Uncle Tom’s Cabin. But when pushed into the ministry, the charismatic Beecher found international fame by shedding his father Lyman's Old Testament–style fire-and-brimstone theology and instead preaching a New Testament–based gospel of unconditional love and healing, becoming one of the founding fathers of modern American Christianity. By the 1850s, his spectacular sermons at Plymouth Church in Brooklyn Heights had made him New York’s number one tourist attraction, so wildly popular that the ferries from Manhattan to Brooklyn were dubbed “Beecher Boats.” Beecher inserted himself into nearly every important drama of the era—among them the antislavery and women’s suffrage movements, the rise of the entertainment industry and tabloid press, and controversies ranging from Darwinian evolution to presidential politics. He was notorious for his irreverent humor and melodramatic gestures, such as auctioning slaves to freedom in his pulpit and shipping rifles—nicknamed “Beecher’s Bibles”—to the antislavery resistance fighters in Kansas. Thinkers such as Emerson, Thoreau, Whitman, and Twain befriended—and sometimes parodied—him. And then it all fell apart. In 1872 Beecher was accused by feminist firebrand Victoria Woodhull of adultery with one of his most pious parishioners. Suddenly the “Gospel of Love” seemed to rationalize a life of lust. The cuckolded husband brought charges of “criminal conversation” in a salacious trial that became the most widely covered event of the century, garnering more newspaper headlines than the entire Civil War. Beecher survived, but his reputation and his causes—from women’s rights to progressive evangelicalism—suffered devastating setbacks that echo to this day. Featuring the page-turning suspense of a novel and dramatic new historical evidence, Debby Applegate has written the definitive biography of this captivating, mercurial, and sometimes infuriating figure. In our own time, when religion and politics are again colliding and adultery in high places still commands headlines, Beecher’s story sheds new light on the culture and conflicts of contemporary America.
integral pronunciation american: American Druggists' Circular and Chemical Gazette , 1913
integral pronunciation american: Contact US! Trainer's Manual Jane Lockwood, Hayley McCarthy, 2010-06-21 CONTACT US develops high-end professional English language communication skills for the BPO industry. This manual contains a comprehensive introduction to the course, outlining the teaching approach and describing the unit structure in detail. It includes model answers to the activities and keys to exercises as well as photocopiable materials.
integral pronunciation american: Teaching Pronunciation Hardback with Audio CDs (2) Marianne Celce-Murcia, Donna M. Brinton, Janet M. Goodwin, 2010-04-16 The second edition includes updates and insights on current research and pedagogical practice that have developed over the last decade. This new edition of Teaching Pronunciation - undoubtedly the gold standard for pronunciation methodology texts - has been revised to reflect recent research into the sound system of North American English, as well as new practices in pronunciation pedagogy. Audio CDs with additional examples are now packaged with the book.
integral pronunciation american: Encyclopedia of African American Religions Larry G. Murphy, J. Gordon Melton, Gary L. Ward, 2013-11-20 Preceded by three introductory essays and a chronology of major events in black religious history from 1618 to 1991, this A-Z encyclopedia includes three types of entries: * Biographical sketches of 773 African American religious leaders * 341 entries on African American denominations and religious organizations (including white churches with significant black memberships and educational institutions) * Topical articles on important aspects of African American religious life (e.g., African American Christians during the Colonial Era, Music in the African American Church)
integral pronunciation american: BASIC ELEMENTS OF SUBJECTIVE DIALECTICS ZHIYONG DONG, 2023-05-19 This book gives the answers to why people have to put forward the concepts and ideas of practice, rationality, labor, subject, object, subjectivity, objectivity, word, being, moments, pure idea, notion, conception, phenomenon, form, essence, matter, content, quality, quantity, measure, time, space, relative, absolute, the most basic and primary starting point of time scaling, contradiction, antimony, unity of opposites, natural dialectics, social dialectics, objective dialectics, subjective dialectics, philosophy, science, religion, laws, morality, politics, sovereignty etc. from the aspects of dialectics. This book also talks about the usage of loan of the concepts of time in languages and the defects of some outstanding scholars in their theories of time, such as Martin Heidegger, Albert Einstein, G. W. F. Hegel, Isaac Newton, Immanuel Kant, Stephen Hawking, etc.
integral pronunciation american: The American Catalogue , 1885 American national trade bibliography.
integral pronunciation american: S.P.E. Tract , 1928
integral pronunciation american: The New American Etiquette Lily Haxworth Wallace, 1941
integral pronunciation american: The American Mercury Henry Louis Mencken, 1930
integral pronunciation american: The American Mercury , 1930
integral pronunciation american: Let's Talk Race Fern L. Johnson, Marlene G. Fine, 2021-04-13 Real conversations about racism need to start now Let's Talk Race confronts why white people struggle to talk about race, why we need to own this problem, and how we can learn to do the work ourselves and stop expecting Black people to do it for us. Written by two specialists in race relations and parents of two adopted African American sons, the book provides unique insights and practical guidance, richly illustrated with personal examples, anecdotes, research findings, and prompts for personal reflection and conversations about race. Coverage includes: Seeing the varied forms of racism How we normalize and privilege whiteness Essential and often unknown elements of Black history that inform the present Racial disparities in education, health, criminal justice, and wealth Understanding racially-linked cultural differences How to find conversational partners and create safe spaces for conversations Conversational do's and don'ts. Let's Talk Race is for all white people who want to face the challenges of talking about race and working towards justice and equity.
integral pronunciation american: The American Bookseller , 1880
integral pronunciation american: Tracts Society for Pure English, 1976
integral pronunciation american: American Book Publishing Record Cumulative 1950-1977 R.R. Bowker Company, 1978
integral pronunciation american: American Book Publishing Record Cumulative, 1950-1977: Non-Dewey decimal classified titles R.R. Bowker Company. Department of Bibliography, 1978
integral pronunciation american: The American Pronouncing Dictionary of Troublesome Words Frank O. Colby, 1950
integral pronunciation american: Good Word Guide Martin Manser, 2009-01-01 Our language is changing faster than ever before, thanks to the influence of the media, e-mail, the Internet and text messaging. Modern communications are breaking down distinctions between formal and informal English, raising ever more questions as to how to speak and write correctly. This fully updated edition of the bestselling Good Word Guide offers information and advice on spelling, grammar, punctuation, pronunciation, confusables and the latest buzzwords, and provides clear, straightforward answers to everyday language problems. With a foreword by Martin Cutts, Research Director, Plain Language Commission. 'In every sense, a good word guide' Times Educational Supplement 'This intelligent guide is an essential addition to the bookshelves of all readers and writers' Good Book Guide
integral pronunciation american: Liberating Voices Gayl Jones, 1991 The powerful novelist here turns penetrating critic, giving usâein lively styleâeboth trenchant literary analysis and fresh insight on the art of writing. âeoeWhen African American writers began to trust the literary possibilities of their own verbal and musical creations,âe writes Gayl Jones, they began to transform the European and European American models, and to gain greater artistic sovereignty.âe The vitality of African American literature derives from its incorporation of traditional oral forms: folktales, riddles, idiom, jazz rhythms, spirituals, and blues. Jones traces the development of this literature as African American writers, celebrating their oral heritage, developed distinctive literary forms. The twentieth century saw a new confidence and deliberateness in African American work: the move from surface use of dialect to articulation of a genuine black voice; the move from blacks portrayed for a white audience to characterization relieved of the need to justify. Innovative writingâesuch as Charles Waddell Chesnuttâe(tm)s depiction of black folk culture, Langston Hughesâe(tm)s poetic use of blues, and Amiri Barakaâe(tm)s recreation of the short story as a jazz pieceâeredefined Western literary tradition. For Jones, literary technique is never far removed from its social and political implications. She documents how literary form is inherently and intensely national, and shows how the European monopoly on acceptable forms for literary art stifled American writers both black and white. Jones is especially eloquent in describing the dilemma of the African American writers: to write from their roots yet retain a universal voice; to merge the power and fluidity of oral tradition with the structure needed for written presentation. With this work Gayl Jones has added a new dimension to African American literary history.
integral pronunciation american: The American University Pronouncing Dictionary of Troublesome Words John Samuel Kenyon, Thomas Albert Knott, 1953
integral pronunciation american: Graduate Catalog University of Michigan--Dearborn, 2007
integral pronunciation american: The Dictionary Wars Peter Martin, 2020-09-08 Peter Martin recounts the patriotic fervor in the early American republic to produce a definitive national dictionary that would rival Samuel Johnson's 1755 Dictionary of the English Language. But what began as a cultural war of independence from Britain devolved into a battle among lexicographers, authors, scholars, and publishers, all vying for dictionary supremacy and shattering forever the dream of a unified American language.
integral pronunciation american: The Magazine of American History , 1881